Biosynthesis Of Membrane Phospholipids

1. Glycerophospholipid Synthesis:

A. In E.Coli-

  Cardiolipin Synthesis in E.coli

  Phosphatidylethanolamine Synthesis in E. coli

  Phosphatidylglycerol Synthesis in E. coli

  Phosphatidylserine Synthesis in E. coli

B. In Eukaryotes-

  Phosphatidylglycerol Synthesis in Eukaryotes

  Cardiolipin Synthesis in Eukaryotes

  Phosphatidylinositol Synthesis in Eukaryotes

  Phosphatidylserine Synthesis in Eukaryotes

  Phosphatidylethanolamine Synthesis in Eukaryotes

  Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis in Eukaryotes

C. In Mammals-

  Phosphatidylethanolamine Synthesis in Mammals

  Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis in Mammals

  Phosphatidylserine Synthesis in Mammals

2. Sphingolipid Synthesis:

Cerebroside Synthesis

Sphingomyelin Synthesis

Cholesterol Synthesis

Synthesis Of Cholesterol from Acetyl-Co-A
Detailed description with number of carbon atoms and number of starter molecules
Number Of Acetyl Co-A required for formation Of 1 Cholesterol molecule

Triacylglycerol Synthesis

Synthesis Of Triacylglycerols
Synthesis Of Glycerophospholipids

Synthesis Of Odd Chain Fatty Acids

Odd Chain Fatty Acids Synthesis
Long Chain Fatty Acids (Even Chain Fatty Acid) Synthesis
Branched Even Chain Fatty Acids Synthesis
Branched Odd Chain Fatty Acids Synthesis

Palmitate Synthesis

Synthesis of Fatty Acid Palmitate (16:0)
Step by Step Process Of Fatty Acid Synthesis

Fatty Acyl Synthase Complex and Fatty Acid Synthesis

Fatty Acids are synthesized using Fatty Acyl Synthase Complex
The Structure Of Fatty Acyl Synthase Complex is as follows:

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Using N-Acetyl-glucosamine and N-Acetyl-muramic acid

Conversion Of Galactose to Glucose and Galactosemia

Galactose to UDP-Glucose

Glycogen Synthesis From Glucose

Substrate is UDP-Glucose

Sucrose Synthesis From Glucose

UDP-Glucose + Fructose-6-Phosphate = Sucrose

Starch Synthesis From Glucose

Conversion Of ADP- Glucose to Starch by action of Starch Synthase

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of Glucose from non-carbohydrate compounds:
Lactate, Pyruvate, Amino acids, Propionate, Glycerol, etc.

Carbohydrate Metabolism- Photosynthesis

This includes the Light and Dark Reactions Of Photosynthesis.

1. Light Reaction-

   a) Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

   b) Cyclic Photophosphorylation

2. Dark Reaction-

   a) Calvin cycle/ C3 Cycle

   b) C4 Pathway/ HSK Pathway